道路跨越河流、峡谷或者道路需立体交叉时要修建桥梁。
Bridges should be built when roads cross rivers, canyons or roads need to be crossed.
桥梁由梁、桥台、桥墩组成。梁是道路的延续，桥台是桥梁在两岸的支撑平台，桥墩是桥梁的中间支柱。梁的自重及梁所承受的荷载，通过桥台、桥墩传给地基。
The bridge is composed of beam, abutment and pier. The beam is the continuation of the road, the abutment is the supporting platform of the bridge on both sides, and the pier is the middle pillar of the bridge. The self weight of the beam and the load borne by the beam are transmitted to the foundation through the abutment and pier.
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picture
•桥墩，由基础、墩身和墩帽组成。
Pier, which consists of foundation, pier body and pier cap.
•基础在桥墩的底部，埋在地面以下。基础可以采用扩大基础、桩基础或沉井基础。
The foundation is at the bottom of the pier and buried below the ground. The foundation can be expanded foundation, pile foundation or open caisson foundation.
•扩大基础的材料多为浆砌片石或混凝土。墩身是桥墩的主体，上面小，下面大。墩身有实心和空心，实心桥墩以墩身的横断面形状来区分类型，如圆形墩、矩形墩、圆端形墩、尖端形墩等。墩身的材料多为浆砌片石或混凝土，在墩身顶部40cm高的范围内放有少量钢筋的混凝土，以加强与墩帽的连接。
The expansion foundation is mostly made of mortar rubble or concrete. The pier body is the main body of the pier, which is small at the top and large at the bottom. There are solid pier and hollow pier. The type of solid pier can be distinguished by the cross-section shape of pier body, such as round pier, rectangular pier, round end pier and tip shaped pier. The materials of pier body are mostly mortar rubble or concrete, and a small amount of reinforced concrete is placed within the range of 40cm high on the top of pier body to strengthen the connection with pier cap.